Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830)

GLOBAL

Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Genus
Subgenus

 

Etymology: not stated [to vex, annoy, injure, harass (L)]

Aedes vexans is one of the most widely-distributed floodwater mosquitoes in the world. Three geographically structured subspecies are recognized—ssp. arabiensis (Patton) in Africa, ssp. nipponii (Theobald) in southeast Asia and ssp. nocturnus (Theobald) in the Australasian region—suggesting that Ae. vexans comprises cryptic taxa across its range. DNA barcoding efforts in our laboratory support the existence of at least three cryptic species, which is important as the species has been incriminated as vectors of different arboviruses in different geographical parts of its range.

Type locality: Berlin, Germany

Type depository: Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHP)

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS  (Click photos to view; mouse over and click large photo to zoom in.)

ADULT (illustrated): Head: Proboscis (P) brown with numerous white scales ventrally; vertex (V) with median narrow scales. Thorax: Scutellum (Stm) with pale, narrow scales. Wing: No pale fringe scales along posterior margin; wing scales sparse, dark and pale. Legs: Anterior surfaces of Fe-II,III speckled with pale scales. Ta-II,III with basal white bands. 

LARVA (not illustrated): Head: Dorsal apotome with median spiculose area; seta 4-C anterior to 5-C; seta 6-C single or double; seta 8-C single. Terminal abdominal segments: Comb with spine-like comb scales, basally fringed and in irregular row.

 

TAXONOMIC KEYS

Carpenter & LaCasse 1955

Ross & Horsfall 1965

Dodge 1966

Ramalingam 1976

Bohart & Washino 1978

Jupp 1996

Darsie & Ward 2005

Rattanarithikul et al. 2010

Becker et al. 2010

Harrison et al. 2016

WRBU LUCID Keys

 

adult mosquito key icon

WRBU - Aedes - Western Palearctic Region - Adult

larval key icon

WRBU – Aedes – Western Palearctic Region – Larva

adult mosquito key icon

WRBU – Aedes – Australasian Region – Adult

larval key icon

WRBU – Aedes Australasian Region – Larva

adult mosquito key icon

WRBU – Aedes – Indomalayan Region – Adult

larval key icon

WRBU – Aedes – Indomalayan Region – Larva

adult mosquito key icon

WRBU – Aedes – Oriental Region – Adult

larval key icon

WRBU – Aedes – Oriental Region – Larva

Exemplar DNA sequences

Ae. vexans COI: AF253041–47, KT358460–62, KY694972–77

 

BIONOMICS

Immatures

Aedes vexans eggs are deposited in the soil in areas liable to flooding, and eggs can survive desiccation and weather extremes for up to three years. Larvae can be found in mainly sunlit habitats including flood pools on prairies and semi-wooded flood plains, ditches, swamps, rice fields, storm water facilities, dredge spoil sites, ditches, drying bogs, woodland pools, elephant footprints, and rarely in containers. Habitats usually have little aquatic vegetation or algae.

Adults

Aedes vexans commonly reaches levels of abundance that create significant biting annoyance for man and cattle, its primary hosts. It is dominant biting nuisance in the northern plains of the United States and Canada, as well in the Rhine River valley of Germany. Aedes vexans females are readily attracted to CDC light traps. Mating occurs in swarms, and copulation occurs on the wing. Aedes vexans overwinters as eggs in temperate climates. In Canadian populations, egg batches are large ( 108–182 eggs), with full development from egg to adult taking 8–10 days. Adults have been reported at 113 days old. Longevity increases arboviral transmission potential and, as the species is multivoltine, it can be present in high numbers and be a formidable disease vector.

 

DISTRIBUTION NOTES

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Corsica, Crimean Peninsula, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France (includes Corsica), FYRO Macedonia, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece (includes Crete), Guam, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia (includes Java, Flores, Kalimantan, Timor), Iran, Iraq, Italy (includes Sardinia & Sicily), Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kosovo, Laos, Latvia, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mariana Islands, Mauritania, Mexico, Micronesia (Wake Island), Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Samoa (Ind. State of Samoa; American Samoa; Western Samoa), Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain (includes Balearic Islands), Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States (Alaska, continental, Hawaiʻi), Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen

Distribution map for <em>Aedes vexans</em> (Meigen, 1830)

 

WRBU VECTOR HAZARD REPORTS

VHR: Mosquito-borne Diseases of the Middle East

View other WRBU Vector Hazard Reports

Available GIS Models

Ae. vexans_Nyari_1 Global

 

IMPORTANT REFERENCES  (full citations below)

Mitchell 1907 (E*; as sylvestris)

Howard et al. 1913 (1912) (E*)

Howard et al. 1917 (E; as sylvestris)

Séguy 1924: 88 (E*), 71 (M genitalia*)

Barraud 1928a (F*)

Barraud 1934: 253 (M*, F, L)

Gjullin 1937 (F*)

Marshall 1938 (E*)

Ross 1947 (F*)

Natvig 1948: 412 (M*, F, L*)

Penn 1949b: 60 (P*)

Darsie 1951: 13 (P*)

Yamaguti & LaCasse 1951d: 251 (M*, F*, L*)

Carpenter & LaCasse 1955: 263 (M*, F*, L*; keys)

Muspratt 1955: 169 (M*, F, L; taxonomy)

Horsfall & Craig 1956: 370 (E*)

Craig & Horsfall 1958 (E*)

Price 1960: 560 (1st instar L*)

Belkin 1962 (F*)

Mohrig 1967 (F*)

Ross & Horsfall 1965 (M*, F*, L*, E*; keys)

Hamon et al. 1966: 373 (synonym)

Dodge 1966: 359 (1st instar L*; key)

Mohrig 1967 (F*)

Myers 1967 (E*)

Kalpage & Brust 1968 (E*)

Sicart & Larrouy 1968 (F*)

Mohrig 1969 (F*)

Horsfall et al. 1970: 1713 (E*)

Pao & Knight 1970b: 115 (L*)

Rjazantzeva 1970 (F*)

Aslamkhan 1971b (distribution; Pakistan)

Belkin & Heinemann 1971: 27 (distribution)

Matsou et al. 1972 (E*)

Moriya et al. 1972 (E*)

Horsfall et al. 1973 (E)

Moriya et al. 1973 (E*)

Reinert 1973b: 66 (M*, F*, P*, L*, E; world distribution)

Bickley 1976 (distribution; Alaska, United States)

Utrio 1976: 129, 135 (L*)

Ramalingam 1976: 307 (taxonomy, bionomics, keys., distribution; Samoa & Tonga)

Skierska 1977 (F*)

Bohart & Washino 1978: 120 (M, F*, L*; keys, taxonomy, bionomics, distribution)

Moussiegt 1979 (complete annotated bibliography)

Lee et al. 1982: 32 (distr.)

Moussiegt 1982 (complete annotated bibliography)

Moussiegt 1988a (complete annotated bibliography)

Linley 1990 (E*)

Mgeladze 1991 (distribution; Georgia)

Darsie et al. 1996 (distribution; Nepal)

Jupp 1996 (F*; key)

Linley 1990 (E*)

Reinert 2000e: Fig. 3 (F*)

Spungis 2000 6: 9 (distribution; Latvia)

Whelan & Hapgood 2000: 405 (bionomics, distribution; East Timor)

Becker et al. 2003 (E*)

Trari et al. 2002: 331 (distribution; Morocco)

Darsie & Ward 2005 (F*, L*; keys, distribution)

Rattanarithikul et al. 2010 (F*, L*; keys, bionomics, distribution; Thailand)

Becker et al. 2010: 194 (M*, F*, L*; keys, taxonomy, distribution, bionomics)

Ahmed et al. 2011 (distribution; Saudi Arabia)

Namazov 2014 (distribution; Azerbaijan)

Harrison et al. 2016 (F*, L*; keys, distribution)

Robert et al. 2019 (distribution, Euro-Mediterranean)

 

CURRENT SYNONYMS AND SUBSPECIES

syn. parvus Macquart

1834: 36 (Culex). Type locality: Bordeaux [Gironde], France (NE).

syn. articulatus Rondani

1872: 30 (Culex). Type locality: Italy (LU).

syn. malariae Grassi

1898: 168 (M; Culex). Type locality: Italy (LU).

syn. sylvestris Theobald

1901a: 406 (M*, F*; Culex). Type locality: Rondeau Provincial Park, Kent Co.; Lake Simcoe, Ontario; Stony Mt., Manitoba, all Canada (NHMUK).

ssp. nocturnus (Theobald)

1903a: 159 (F; Culex; as sp.). Type locality: Ba, Fiji Islands (NHMUK). Distribution: Australia, Cook Islands (Polynesia), Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa (Ind. State of Samoa; American Samoa; Western Samoa), Solomon Islands, Timor, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. References:  Bohart & Ingram 1946b: 15, 41 (M*, F, P*, L*; to ssp. of vexans); Yamaguti & LaCasse 1950a: 73 (M*, F*, L*); Knight & Hull 1953: 460 (M*, F, L*); Belkin 1962: 427 (M*, F, P*, L*; to sp. status); Basio 1971b: 12 (M*; as ssp. of vexans; bion., vector, distr.); Reinert 1973b: 66 (syn.); Baisas 1974: 6 (M*, F, P*, L*; tax., bion., distr.; Philippines); Lee et al. 1982: 32 (from syn. with vexans as sp.; distr.); Lee et al. 1982: 32 (tax., review). Etymology: nocturnal (L); females active at night. Informal name: Nocturnal Fijian Pointy Mosquito.

syn. montcalmi Blanchard

1905: 307 (new name for sylvestris Theobald, not silvestris Ross, 1898; Culex).

ssp. arabiensis (Patton)

1905: 633 (M*, F, L; Culex). Type locality: Ulub Camp & Crater, West Aden Protectorate [Yemen] (NE). Distribution: Gambia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan & South Sudan, Tanzania, Yemen. References: Edwards 1941: 195 (M*, F); Lewis 1945: 11 (P, L); Hopkins 1952: 198 (L*); White 1975: 309 (resur. from syn. to ssp. of vexans; distr.). Etymology: Arabia. Informal name: Arabia Yemeni Pointy Mosquito.

ssp. nipponii (Theobald)

1907: 337 (F*; Culicada; as sp.). Type locality: Karnizana, Japan (NHMUK). Distribution: Georgia, Japan, Mongolia, People's Republic of China, Russia, South Korea. References:  Bohart & Ingram 1946b: 69 (M*, F, L*; bion., distr., tax.; ssp. of vexans); LaCasse & Yamaguti 1950: 125 (M*, F*, L*; bion., distr., tax.); Yoshimeki 1955: 81 (L*); Hara 1957: 66 (F*); Hara 1957 (F*); Matsuo et al. 1972: 361 (E*); Moriya et al. 1973 (E*); Reinert 1973b: 79 (M*, F*, P*, L*); Moriya et al. 1973 (E*); Sheremet 1975: 100 (distr.); Tanaka et al. 1975c: Tanaka et al. 1975c: 224 (bion., distr.); Minar 1976: 335 (distr.); Tanaka et al. 1979: 410 M*, F*, L*); Mgeladze 1991: 331 (distr.; Georgia); Gornostaeva 2000: 478 (distr.; Russia); Ree 2003: 41 (distr.; Korea); Tanaka 2003a: 15 (P*; tax., key). Etymology: Japanese name for Japan. Informal name: Nippon Japanese Pointy Mosquito.

syn. minuta Theobald

1907: 338 (F*; Culicada; not minutus (Theobald 1901a)). Type locality: India (NHMUK).

syn. eruthrosops Theobald

1910c: 299 (F*; Culicada). Type locality: Trincomalee, Ceylon [Sri Lanka] (NHMUK). References: Knight & Hull 1953: 463 (syn.).

syn. sudanensis Theobald

1911c: 154 (M*, F*; Culex). Type locality: Sudan (NHMUK). References: Edwards 1941: 195 (syn.); White 1975: 309 (syn.; lectotype desig.).

ssp. syn. niger Theobald

1913b: 164 (A; Culex nocturnus var.). Type locality: Canala, New Caledonia (B). References: Reinert 1973b: 66 (syn.).

syn. euochrus Howard, Dyar & Knab

1917: 716 (F). Type locality: Popcum, British Columbia, Canada (USNM).

 

CITED REFERENCES

Ahmed, A.M., Shaalan, E.A., Aboul-Soud, M.A.M., Tripet, F., & Al-Khedhairy, A.A. (2011). Mosquito vectors survey in the Al-Ahsaa district of eastern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Insect Science, 11, 176.

Aslamkhan, M. (1971b). The mosquitoes of Pakistan I. A checklist. Mosquito Systematics, 3(4), 147–159.

Baisas, F. E. (1974). The mosquito fauna of Subic Bay Naval Reservation, Republic of the Philippines. San Francisco: Headquarters, First Medical Service Wing (PACAF), San Francisco.

Barraud, P. J. (1928a). A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Part XXIV. The Indian species of the subgenera Skusea and Aedes, with descriptions of eight new species, and remarks on a new method for identifying the females of the subgenus Aedes. Indian Journal of Medical Research (Calcutta), 16(2), 357–375.

Barraud, P. J. (1934). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. 5. Family Culicidae, tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. London: Taylor and Francis.

Basio, R. G. (1971b). The mosquito fauna of the Philippines (Diptera, Culicidae). Manila: National Museum of the Philippines. 198pp.

Beck, M., Galm, M., Weitzel, T., Fohlmeister, V., Kasiser, A., Arnold, A., & Becker, N. (2003). Preliminary studies on the mosquito fauna of Luxembourg. European Mosquito Bulletin, 14, 21–24.

Becker, N., Petrić, D., Zgomba M., Boase C., Dahl C., Lane, J., & Kaiser, A. (2003). Mosquitoes and their control. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Becker, N., Petrić, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C., & Kaiser, A. (2010). Mosquitoes and their control (Second ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Belkin, J.N., & Heinemann, S.J. (1971). Aedes vexans in Guatemala. Mosquito Systematics Newsletter, 3(2), 27.

Belkin, J.N., Schick, R.X., & Heinemann, S.J. (1971). Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae). XXV. Mosquitoes originally described from Brazil. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 7(5), 1–64.

Bickley, W.E. (1976). Notes on the distribution of Alaskan mosquitoes. Mosquito Systematics, 8(3), 232–236.

Blanchard, R. (1905). Les moustiques, histoire naturelle et médicale. F. R. de Rudeval, Imprimeur-Editeur, Paris. 673 pp.

Bohart, R.M. & Washino, R.K. (1978). Mosquitoes of California (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Bohart, R.M., & Ingram, R.L. (1946b). Mosquitoes of Okinawa and islands in the Central Pacific. In United States NAVMED (Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department) (pp. 110). Washington.

Carpenter, S.J., & LaCasse, W.J. (1955). Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico). Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Craig Jr., G.B., & Horsfall, W.R. (1958). Taxonomic and ecological significance of eggs of aedine mosquitoes. Proceeding of the Tenth International Congress of Entomology, 3, 853–857.

Darsie, R.F., Jr. (1951). Pupae of the culicine mosquitoes of the northeastern United States (Diptera, Culicidae, Culicini). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 304.

Darsie, R.F., Jr., & Ward, R.A. (2005). Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

Darsie, R.F., Jr., Courtney, G.W., & Pradhan, S.P. (1996). Notes on the mosquitoes of Nepal: IV. Results of the 1994 collecting in the midwestern region, including new country records and voucher confirmation (Diptera, Culicidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 12(1), 130–134.

Dodge, H. R. (1966). Studies on mosquito larvae II. The first-stage larvae of North American Culicidae and of world Anophelinae. Canadian Entomologist, 98, 337–393.

Edwards, F.W. (1941). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine adults and pupae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology.

Gjullin, C.M. (1937). The female genitalia of the Aedes mosquitoes of the Pacific coast states. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 39, 252–266.

Gornostaeva, R.M. (2000). A revised checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of European Russia [English translation]. Parazitologiya (St. Petersburg), 34(6), 477–485.

Hamon, J., Maffi, M., Grenier, P., Ouedraogo, C.S., & Djime, D. (1966). Notes sur les moustiques de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (Diptera, Culicidae). (II partie). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 11, 371–383.

Hara, J. (1957). Studies on the female terminalia of Japanese mosquitoes. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine, 27, 45–91.

Harrison, B.A., Byrd, B.D., Sither, C.B., & Whitt, P.B. (2016). The mosquitoes of the Mid-Atlantic Region: an identification guide (Vol. 1). Madison Heights, MI: Publishing XPress.

Hopkins, G.H.E. (1952). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region. I. Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae (2nd ed.). London, UK: British Museum (Natural History).

Horsfall, W.R., & Craig, G.B. Jr. (1956). Eggs of floodwater mosquitoes IV. Species of Aedes common in Illinois. (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49(4), 368–374.

Horsfall, W.R., Fowler, H.W., Jr., Moretti, L.J., & Larsen, J.R. (1973). Bionomics and embryology of the inland floodwater mosquito Aedes vexans. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Horsfall, W.R., Voorhees, F.R., & Cupp, E.W. (1970). Eggs of floodwater mosquitoes. XIII. Chorionic sculpturing. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 1709–1716.

Howard, L.O., Dyar, H.G., & Knab, F. (1913). The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. (Vol. II) (1912). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Howard, L.O., Dyar, H.G., & Knab, F. (1917). The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Systematic description. Part II. Carnegie Institute of Washington.

Jupp, P.G. (1996). Mosquitoes of southern Africa. Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, South Africa. 156pp.

Kalpage, K.S., & Brust, R.A. (1968). Mosquitoes of Manitoba. 1. Descriptions and a key to Aedes eggs (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 699–718.

Knight, K.L., & Hull, W.B. (1953). The Aedes mosquitoes of the Philippine Islands III. Subgenera Aedimorphus, Banksinella, Aedes, and Cancraedes (Diptera, Culicidae). Pacific Science, 7, 453–481.

La Casse, W.J., & Yamaguti, S. (1950). Mosquito fauna of Japan and Korea (with 95 original plates): Office of the Surgeon, Headquarters 8th Army, APO 343.

Lee, D.J., Hicks, M.M., Griffiths, M., Russell, R.C., & Marks, E.N. (1982). The Culicidae of the Australasian region. Volume 2. Commonwealth Department of Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Monograph Series, 2.

Linley, J.R. (1990). Scanning electron microscopy of the eggs of Aedes vexans and Aedes infirmatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 92(4), 685–693.

Macquart, J. (1834). Histoire naturelle des Insectes.- Diptères, Tome premier. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 576 pp.

Marshall, J.F. (1938). The British Mosquitoes. London: The British Museum (Natural History).

Matsuo, K., Yoshida, Y., & Kunou, I. (1972). The scanning electron microscopy of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). I. The egg surfaces of five species of Aedes and Armigeres subalbatus. Journal of the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 81, 358–363.

Mgeladze, V. (1991). Species composition of mosquito Aedes (Diptera, Culicidae) in Georgia. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzii, 143(3), 329–331.

Minar, J. (1976). Culiciden aus der Mongolei (Diptera). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 22(3,4), 335–350.

Mitchell, E.G. (1907). The classification of the Culicidae. Canadian Entomologist, 198–201.

Mohrig, W. (1967). Die taxonomische Bedeutung der Struktur weiblicher Genitalien im Culiciden- Tribus Aedini. Angewandte Parasitologie, 8, 67–100.

Mohrig, W. (1969). Die Culiciden Deutschlands. Untersuchungen zur Taxonomie, Biologie und Okologie der einheimischen Stechmucken. Parasitologische Schriftenreihe, 1–260.

Moriya, K., Yabe, T., & Harada, F. (1973). Chorionic markings of some aedine mosquitoes in Japan. 1. Preliminary observations by a scanning electron microscope and a reflected lighting microscope. Japanese J Sanit Zool, 24(1), 47–55.

Moussiegt, O. (1979). Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigan, 1830). Entente Interdepartementale pour la Demoustication du Littoral Meditérranéen Franҫais, 42, 1–57.

Moussiegt, O. (1982). Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigan, 1830). Entente Interdepartementale pour la Demoustication du Littoral Meditérranéen Franҫais, 46, 1–94.

Moussiegt, O. (1988a). Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Pallas, 1771). Entente Interdepartementale pour la Demoustication du Littoral Meditérranéen Franҫais, 56, 1–57.

Muspratt, J. (1955). Research on South African Culicini (Diptera, Culicidae) III. A check-list of the species and their distribution, with notes on taxonomy bionomics and identification. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 18, 149–207.

Myers, C.M. (1967). Identification and description of Aedes eggs from California and Nevada (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Entomologist, 99, 795–806.

Namazov, N. D. (2014). The distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Entomological Review, 92, 280–282.

Natvig, L.R. (1948). Contributions to the knowledge of the Danish and Fennoscandian mosquitoes: Culicini. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift Suppl., 1, xxiii + 567 pp., 512 pls, 561 map.

Pao, B., & Knight, K.L. (1970b). Morphology of the fourth stage larval mouthparts of Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 5, 115–137.

Patton, W.S. (1905). The culicid fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their haunts and habits. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16, 623–637.

Penn, G.H. (1949b). The pupae of the mosquitoes of New Guinea. Pacific Science, 3, 3–85.

Price, R.D. (1960). Identification of first-instar aedine mosquito larvae of Minnesota (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Entomologist, 92, 544–560.

Ramalingam, S. (1976). An annotated checklist and keys to the mosquitoes of Samoa and Tonga. Mosquito Systematics, 8(3), 298–318.

Ramalingam, S., & Belkin, J.N. (1976). The immature stages of Aedes (F.) samoanus and the status of Toxorhynchites in American Samoa. Mosquito Systematics, 8(2), 194–199.

Rattanarithikul, R., Harbach, R.E., Harrison, B.A., Panthusiri, P., Coleman, R.E., & Richardson, J.H. (2010). Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand VI. Tribe Aedini. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 41(1), 1–225.

Reinert, J.F. (1973b). Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XVI. Genus Aedes Meigen, subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald in Southeast Asia. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 9(5), 1–218.

Reinert, J.F. (2000e). Comparative anatomy of the female genitalia of genera and subgenera in tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Part V. Genus Aedes Meigen. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 32(3), 1–102.

Rjazantzeva, A. E. (1970). The structure of female genitalia of bloodsucking mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (Diptera, Culicidae). Parassitologia, 4, 401–407.

Robert, V., Günay, F., Le Goff, G., Boussès, P., Sulesco, T., Khalin, A., Medlock, J.M., Kampen, H., Petrić, D. & F. Schaffner. (2019). Distribution chart for Euro-Mediterranean mosquitoes (western Palaearctic region). Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association, 37, 1–28.

Rondani, C. (1872). Sulle specie Italiane del genere Culex Lin. Bolotino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 4, 29–31.

Ross, H.H. (1947). The mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 24(1), 1–96.

Ross, H.H., & Horsfall, W.R. (1965). A synopsis of the mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes, 52, 1–50.

Séguy, E. (1924). Les moustiques de l'Afrique Mineure, de l'Egypte et de la Syrie. Encyclopedie Entomologique (A), 1, 1–257.

Sheremet, V.P. (1975). Detection of Aedes vexans nipponi New-Record (Diptera) in the Ukrainian-SSR (USSR). Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, 44(1), 100.

Sicart, M. & Larrouy, G. (1968) Culicid fauna of the Toulouse Region, female genitalia of the regional Aedes. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire naturelle de Toulouse, 104, 104-109.

Skierska, B. (1977). [Culicidae.]. Klucze do Oznaczania Owadow Polski, 28(96), 1–119.

Spungis, V. (2000). A checklist of Latvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). European Mosquito Bulletin, 6, 8–11.

Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K., & Saugstad, E.S. (1979). A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, 1–987.

Tanaka, K., Saugstad, E.S., & Mizusawa, K. (1975c). Mosquitoes of the Ryukyu Archipelago (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 7(3), 207–233.

Theobald, F.V. (1901a). A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes (Vol. 1). London: British Museum (Natural History). 424pp.

Theobald, F.V. (1903a). A monograph of the Culicidae of the World (Vol. 3). London: British Museum (Natural History). 359pp.

Theobald, F.V. (1907). A monograph of the Culicidae of the world (Vol. IV). London: British Museum (Natural History).

Theobald, F.V. (1913b). Culicidae from New Caldeonia and the Loyalty Islands. In F. R. Sarasin, J. (Ed.), Nova Caledonia. Wiesbaden.

Trari, B., Dakki, M., Himmi, O., & El Agbani, M.A. (2002). Le moustiques (Diptera: Culicidae) du Maroc: Revue bibliographique (1916–2001) et inventaire des espèces. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique (Paris), 96(4), 329–334.

Utrio, P. (1976). Identification key to Finnish mosquito larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 15, 128–136.

Whelan, P., & Hapgood, G. (2000). A mosquito survey of Dili, East Timor, and implications for disease control. Arbovirus Research in Australia, 8, 405–416.

White, G.B. (1975). Notes on a catalogue of the Ethiopian Region. Mosquito Systematics, 7(4), 303–344.

Yamaguti, S., & LaCasse, W.J. (1950a). Mosquito fauna of Guam: Office of the Surgeon-General. 207th Malaria Survey Detachment. Headquarters, 8th Army, APO 343. United States.

Yamaguti, S., & LaCasse, W.J. (1951d). Mosquito fauna of North America. Part VGenus Aedes. Office of the Surgeon, Headquarters, 8th Army, APO 343. United States. Office of the Surgeon-General. 207th Malaria Survey Detachment.

Yoshimeki, M. (1955). Morphological studies on the tracheal system of two Culicini larvae, Culex pipiens L. var. pallens Coquillett and Aedes vexans nipponii Theobald. Ecological Review, Japan, 14, 81–89.

 

CITE THIS PAGE

Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (Year). Aedes vexans species page. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Website, http://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/vexans, accessed on [date (e.g. 03 February 2020) when you last viewed the site].