GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
Etymology: not stated [piping (L)]; shrill sounding (wing beat?)]
Culex pipiens s.s. is the nominotypical member of the Pipiens Group and Subgroup. The species has 20 synonyms, and one subspecies—pallens Coquillett—with its 17 synonyms. Culex pipiens s.l. is essentially global in distribution Populations exhibit morphological, physiological and bionomic differences and the taxonomic history with respect to whether Cx. pipiens s.l. comprises a single polytypic species or several bona fide species is long and complex. In North America, Culex pipiens is often confused with Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, with which it extensively hybridizes wherever the two species overlap. In northern Europe, Cx. pipiens is represented by two ecotypes—pipiens and ‘molestus’, which can only be reliably differentiated using DNA. Microsatellite studies of Cx. pipiens s.s. and the ‘molestus’ eco-type indicated unique fingerprints with no evidence for gene flow between them, implying their separate species status. Opinions on the true taxonomic status of these ecotypes has been widely debated, but at present, they are regarded as subspecific forms, with no formal taxonomic status.
Type locality: Near Lake Krankesjo, Silvakra farm, Veberod, Scania, Sweden
Type depository: U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., United States (USNM)
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS (Click photos to view; mouse over and click large photo to zoom in.)
ADULT (illustrated): Head: Proboscis midventral area usually pale. Thorax: Scutum with golden reddish-brown scales; posterolateral scales and integument darker than rest of scutum giving impression of pair of oval spots; postspiracular scales absent; lower mesepimeron with one seta; prealar scales absent; C-I with some dark scales. Legs: Ta-I–III entirely dark; anterior surface of Fe-I,II and Ti-I–III without median longitudinal pale stripes. Abdomen: Terga with pale yellowish basal bands; bands on terga darker than white basolateral spots; sterna not banded, some dark scales on midline and posterolateral corners. Wing: Wing entirely dark-scaled; subcostal vein inserted on costa at or beyond level of branching of R2+3; vein R2+3 short, <0.25 length of cell R2.
LARVA (not illustrated): Head: Seta 1-C relatively long, slender; seta 5-C usually 4–8 branched. Thorax: Seta 1-M usually single. Abdominal segments: Sum of branches of seta 1-III–V on one side <10, usually <6; seta 1-III,IV usually double, relatively short, not reaching margin of following segment; seta 6-VI usually double. Terminal segment: Comb with comb scales evenly fringed from sides to apex; pecten with 10–18 pecten spines; distal pecten spines with 2–5 basal denticles; siphon/saddle index >3.5; seta 1-S relatively long, longer than diameter of siphon at point of insertion; seta 1-S usually four pairs, 1a-S near distal pecten spine, 1c-S not in line with other setae; seta 1-X usually single.
TAXONOMIC KEYS
Carpenter & LaCasse 1955
Dodge 1966
Bohart & Washino 1978
Harbach 1988
Jupp 1996
Darsie & Ward 2005
Becker et al. 2010
Harrison et al. 2016
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) - Neotropical Region – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) - Eastern Palearctic Region – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) - Eastern Palearctic Region – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) - Afrotropical Region (East Africa) - Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) - Afrotropical Region (West Africa) - Adult
Exemplar DNA sequences
Cx. pipiens COI: KJ012129, KJ012148, KJ012144, KJ012142, KJ012139, KJ012127, KJ012119, KJ012113, KJ012143–45, KJ012140–41
BIONOMICS
Immatures
Culex pipiens egg rafts exude a substance that is repellent to ants, protecting the eggs from predation. Immature Cx. pipiens are found in highly polluted, human-made water sources and artificial containers as well as natural, clean water pools, in both heavy shade and full sun. Larval morphology is impacted by environmental conditions, as larvae collected in more polluted water sources tend to have shorter siphons than those collected in cleaner water. The ‘molestus’ ecotype is found in underground habitats, including flooded basements, sewers, wells, and septic tanks.
Adults
Culex pipiens s.l. feeds at night and have been collected both indoors and out. The typical Cx. pipiens ecotype feeds almost exclusively on birds, is found in overground habitats, and always requires needs a blood meal before producing eggs. In contrast, the ‘molestus’ ecotype is autogenous (can lay its first batch of eggs without requiring a blood meal), and is a nuisance biter of people and large domestic animals.
DISTRIBUTION NOTES
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Canary Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France (includes Corsica), Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece (includes Crete), Guam, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel (and Gaza Strip & West Bank), Italy (includes Sardina & Sicily), Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar (includes Glorioso & Juan De Nova Is), Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Poland, Portugal (including Azores & Madeira), Puerto Rico, Qatar, Republic of South Africa, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain (includes Balearic Islands & Canary Islands), Sudan & South Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States (continental), Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe.
WRBU VECTOR HAZARD REPORTS
VHR: Southern US and Northern Mexico
VHR: Mosquito Activity Forecast US-Mexico Border October 2019
View other WRBU Vector Hazard Reports
Available GIS Models:
IMPORTANT REFERENCES (full citations below)
Linnaeus 1758: 602 (A)
Blanchard 1905 (F*)
Brolemann 1920 (F*)
Séguy 1924: 36 (L*, M genitalia*)
LaCasse & Yamaguti 1950 (F*)
Darsie 1951: 34 (P*)
Mattingly 1951b: 331 (taxonomy, review)
Christophers 1951 (F*)
Yamaguti & LaCasse 1951c: 45 (M*, F*, L*)
Carpenter & LaCasse 1955: 284 (M*, F*, L*; keys)
Horsfall 1955: 563 (review)
Lewis 1956b: 710 (taxonomy)
Mattingly & Knight 1956: 102,120 (taxonomy)
Barr 1957: 153 (taxonomy)
Bohart & Washino 1957: 463 (L*)
Mattingly 1957c: 686 (taxonomy)
Hara 1957 (F*)
Rioux 1958: 244 (M*, L*; taxonomy)
Ribeiro & Mexia: 1966: 176 (taxonomy)
Dodge 1966: 370 (1st instar L; key)
Mattingly 1971a: Pl. 19 (P*)
Laffoon & Knight 1971 (F*)
Tewfik & Barr 1974: 216 (chromosomes; ?molestus)
Rickenbach et al. 1976: 96 (distribution)
Utrio 1976: 129, 135 (L*)
Iglisch 1977: 267 (M*)
Bohart & Washino 1978: 126 (M*, F, L*; keys, taxonomy, bionomics, distribution)
Tanaka et al. 1979: 146 (M*, F*; as pipiens molestus form)
Harbach & Knight 1980 (F*)
Brogdon 1981 (s.l.; siphonal index for identification)
Brogdon 1984a (s.l.; siphonal index for identification)
Brogdon 1984b (Cx. pipiens sensu lato; Memphis, Tennessee, United States)
Mitchell et al. 1984: 308 (distribution; Argentina)
Harbach et al. 1984a (F*) (as molestus Forskål)
Harbach et al. 1985: 9 (neototype designation)
Rjazantzeva 1985 (F*)
Harbach 1988: 23 (M*, F, P*, L*; taxonomy, synonym, keys, bionomics, distribution)
Abdullah & Merdan 1995 (distribution; Saudi Arabia)
Jupp 1996 (M*, F*; key)
Amr et al. 1997 (distribution; Jordan)
Clements 1999 (F*)
Fonseca et al. 2000 (molecular taxonomy; s.l.)
Alten et al. 2000 (distribution; Turkey)
Hadjivassilis 2000: 38 (distribution; Cyprus)
Spungis 2000: 10 (distribution; Latvia)
Orszagh et al. 2001: 20 (distribution; Slovakia)
Nicolescu et al. 2003b: 20 (distribution; Romania)
Ribeiro et al. 2002 (distribution; Portugal)
Trari et al. 2002: 331 (distribution; Morocco)
Beck et al. 2003: 24 (distribution; Luxembourg)
Rossi & Martínez 2003: 472 (distribution; Uruguay)
Fonseca et al. 2004 (molecular taxonomy; s.l.)
Darsie & Ward 2005 (F*, L*; keys, distribution)
Fonseca et al. 2006 (molecular taxonomy; s.l.)
Fonseca et al. 2010 (molecular taxonomy; s.l.)
Becker et al. 2010: 275 (M*, F*, L*; keys, taxonomy, distribution, bionomics)
Harrison et al. 2016 (F*, L*; keys, distribution; notes 10, 24)
Robert et al. 2019 (distribution, Euro-Mediterranean)
CURRENT SYNONYMS
syn. bifurcatus Linnaeus
1758: 603 (A; type = An. (Ano.) claviger). Type locality: Europe (LSL). References: Natvig 1948: 438 (taxonomy); Harbach, Dahl & White 1985: 7 (lectotype designation).
syn. fasciatus Mueller
1764: 87 (A). Type locality: None designated (LU).
syn. molestus Forskal
1775: 85 (A). Type locality: Rosetta, Kahira & Alexandria, Egypt (LU). References: Natvig 1948: 452 (M, F, L; taxonomy); Knight 1951b: 354 (M, F, L, E; bionomics, taxonomy); Knight & Abdel-Malek 1951: 183 (M, F, L, E; bionomics); Mattingly 1951b: 340 (to subspecies.; taxonomy); Kitzmiller & Laven 1954: 767 (hybridization); Dobrotworsky 1955a: 193 (bionomics; taxonomy); Dobrotworsky 1955b: 41 (M*; taxonomy); Hara 1957: 54 (F*); Dobrotworsky 1965: 217 (M*, F*, L*); Harbach et al. 1984a (neotype designation; synonymy); Lee et al. 1989a: 143 (improper species designation).
syn. trifurcatus Fabricius
1794: 401 (A). Type locality: “Europae paludosis” [malarious Europe] (NE)
syn. luteus Meigen
1804: 6 (F). TType locality: Europe (NE).
syn. domesticus Germar
1817: 290 (A). Type locality: Dalmatia [Croatia] (LU). References: Marshall & Stanley 1937: 23 (synonymy); Harbach 1988: 229 (from synonymy with molestus).
syn. rufus Meigen
1818: 7 (M). Type locality: None designated (MNHP).
syn. bicolor Meigen
1818: 9 (M, F). Type locality: Africa (MNHP).
syn. meridionalis Leach
1825: 292 (A). Type locality: Nice, [Alpes Maritimes], France (LU).
syn. marginalis Stephens
1825: 455 (F). Type locality: London, England (NHMUK).
syn. consobrinus Robineau-Desvoidy
1827: 408 (A). Type locality: Pennsylvania, United States (NE).
syn. calcitrans Robineau-Desvoidy
1827: 409 (F). Type locality: Germany & Paris, France (NE).
syn. thoracicus Robineau-Desvoidy
1827: 409 (F). Type locality: Paris, France (NE).
syn. pallipes Waltl
1835: 110 (F). Type locality: Spain (MNHP). References: Meigen 1838: 1 (F).
syn. unistriatus Curtis
1837: 231 (A). Type locality: England (NMM). References: Stone et al. 1959: 254 (syn.).
syn. pallipes Macquart
1838a: 37 (A). Type locality: Egypt (NE).
syn. rufinus Bigot
1888: 7 (F). Type locality: Chott El-Djerid, Tunisia (NE).
syn. agilis Bigot
1889: 122 (F). Type locality: Algeria (BC).
syn. phytophagus Ficalbi
1890 (1889)c: 126 (M, F). Type locality: Toscana, Romagna, Sardinia, Italy (LU).
syn. haematophagus Ficalbi
1893: 143 (A). Type locality: Europe and Italy (LU). References: Marshall & Stanley 1937: 23 (syn.); Harbach 1988: 230 (from synonymy with molestus).
ssp. pallens Coquillett
1899 (1898): 303 (M, F). Type locality: Japan (USNM). Distribution: Japan, Mexico, People's Republic of China, United States (continental), South Korea. References: LaCasse & Yamaguti 1950: 225 (M*, F*, P*, L*; bionomics, distribution, taxonomy; as pipiens); Mattingly 1951b: 334 (tax.); Bekku 1956: 963 (taxonomy); Stone & Knight 1957a: 54 (type information); Ishii 1969: 204 (F); Chow 1973: 44 (distribution); Ishii 1977: 31 (taxonomic review); Tanaka et al. 1979: 144 (M*, F*); Tanaka 2004a: 19 (P*; taxonomy, key). Etymology: n.s. [pale (L); prob. ref. to pleura without maculation (comp. to fulvus)].
sp. syn. osakaensis Theobald
1907: 439 (M*, F). Type locality: Osaka, [Honshu], Japan (NHMUK).
ssp. syn. comitatus Dyar & Knab
1909a: 35 (M*).Type locality: [Nat City], California, United States (USNM). References: Mattingly 1951b: 334 (taxonomy); Rozeboom 1951b: 350 (taxonomy); Stone & Knight 1957a: 46 (lectotype designation).
ssp. syn. dipseticus Dyar & Knab
1909a: 34 (M*;quinquefasciatus race).Type locality: Indio & Coachella, California, United States & La Paz (Baja California), Salina Cruz (Oaxaca) & Acapulco (Guerrero] Mexico (USNM). References: Mattingly 1951b: 335 (synonymy); Belkin et al. 1966: 20 (type information); Roubaud & Ghelelovitch 1957: 7 (M*).
syn. melanorhinus Giles
1900a: 342 (new name for pallipes Macquart 1838a not Waltl).
syn. varioannulatus Theobald
1903a: 198 (F*). Type locality: St Michaels, Azores (NHMUK).
syn. azoriensis Theobald
1903a: 210 (M, F*). Type locality: St Michaels, Azores (NHMUK).
syn. longefurcatus Becker
1903: 68 (F). Type locality: Cairo, Egypt (ZM).
syn. quasimodestus Theobald
1905f: 88 (F; bicolor var.). Type locality: Sfax, Tunis [Tunisia] (HNM). References: Stone 1957b: 172 (syn.); Harbach 1988: 230 (from syn. with molestus).
syn. osakaensis Theobald
1907: 439 (M*, F). Type locality: Osaka, [Honshu], Japan (NHMUK).
syn. dipseticus Dyar & Knab
1909a: 34 (M*; quinquefasciatus race). Type locality: Indio & Coachella, California, United States & La Paz (Baja California), Salina Cruz (Oaxaca) & Acapulco (Guerrero], Mexico (USNM). References: Mattingly 1951b: 335 (synonymy); Belkin et al. 1966: 20 (type information); Roubaud & Ghelelovitch 1957: 7 (M*).
syn. comitatus Dyar & Knab
1909a: 35 (M*). Type locality: [Nat City], California, United States (USNM). References: Mattingly 1951b: 334 (taxonomy); Rozeboom 1951b: 350 (taxonomy); Stone & Knight 1957a: 46 (lectotype designation).
syn. doliorum Edwards
1912a: 263 (M; as var.). Type locality: Kingswear, Devon, England (NHMUK).
syn. autogenicus Roubaud
1935b: 444 (E*; pipiens ssp.). Type locality: France (PIP). References: Marshall & Staley 1937: 18 (synonymy); Gaschen 1955: 125 (taxonomy); Harbach 1988: 230 (from synonymy with molestus).
syn. berbericus Roubaud
1935b: 445 (E*; pipiens ssp.). Type locality: North Africa [Algeria] (PIP). References: Knight & Abdel-Malek 1951: 184 (synonymy); Roubaud & Ghelelovitch 1956: 2900 (taxonomy); Harbach 1988: 230 (from synonymy with molestus).
syn. sternopallidus Roubaud
1945: 54 (A*; as autogenicus subspecies). Type locality: Aigues-Mortes, [Bouches du Rhone] & Bages, Pyrenees-Orientales, France (PIP). References: Harbach 1988: 230 (from syn. with molestus).
syn. sternopunctatus Roubaud
1945: 54 (A*; as autogenicus ssp.). Type locality: Arles, [Bouches du Rhone] & Paris, France (PIP). References: Harbach 1988: 230 (from synonymy with molestus).
syn. disjunctus Roubaud
1957: 3116 (biotype; subspecies). Type locality: Conde-sur-Ifs, Normandy, France (NE). References: Stone et al. 1959: 254 (synonymy).
syn. calloti Rioux & Pech
1959: 117 (A). Type locality: France & Tunisia (LU). References: Harbach 1988: 231 (synonymy).
syn. erectus Iglisch
1977: 269 (M*). Type locality: Krummer Fenn, Berlin-Zehlendorf, West Germany (ND). References: Harbach 1988: 231 (synonymy).
syn. torridus Iglisch
1977: 269 (M*). Type locality: Krummer Fenn, Berlin-Zehlendorf, West Germany (ND). References: Harbach 1988: 231 (synonymy).
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Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (Year). Culex pipiens species page. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Website, http://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/pipiens, accessed on [date (e.g. 03 February 2020) when you last viewed the site].
