AFROTROPICAL REGION
[Global invasive]
Etymology: Egypt
Aedes aegypti is the best-studied of all mosquito species, boosted into notoriety by Walter Reed’s discovery that it transmitted yellow fever to man. The distribution of Ae. aegypti is essentially pan-global in tropical regions. Placed within the Aegypti Group along with Ae. mascarensis (MacGregor, 1848) and Ae. pia Le Goff & Robert, 2013, Ae. aegypti has one valid subspecies—formosus (Walker)—and 27 synonyms. This sylvatic, presumed ancestral, entity was described from Sierra Leone, but Ae. aegypti formosus has been reported in forested regions in eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa. It is thought that the forest subspecies followed humans as agriculture developed in Africa, evolving into a primarily domesticated entity—Aedes aegypti aegypti—now almost universally distributed. Aedes aegypti has recently expanded its range into the western United States, reinvaded southern Europe including Turkey, and has adapted to urban conditions in Australia.
Type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaya [Malaysia]
Type depository: Natural History Museum, London, England, United Kingdom (NHMUK)
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS (Click photos to view; mouse over and click large photo to zoom in.)
ADULT (illustrated): Distinctively marked with silvery or white scale patches on scutum and legs; Head: Palpus with apical white scales; proboscis entirely dark-scaled; clypeus with patch of pale scales; pedicel with pale scales on lateral surfaces. Thorax: Scutum with lyre-shaped white markings; scutellum with broad white scales on all lobes. Lower proepisternal and mesepimeral scales present; postpronotal scales present; postspiracular area without scales; paratergite with broad white scales; subspiracular area with broad white scales. Legs: Ta-III1–5 with pale basal bands, sometimes with faint apical bands; Ta-III5 all or mostly white.
LARVA (not illustrated): Head: Seta 4-C prominent, many branched; seta 5-C single, at same level as 7-C; setae 4,6-C distinctly anterior to 7-C. Thorax: Support plates of setae 9–12-M,T with stout hooked spines. Terminal segments: Comb scales in single row, each with distinct lateral spinules; seta 4-X with 5 pairs of setae.
TAXONOMIC KEYS
Carpenter & LaCasse 1955
Ross & Horsfall 1965
Dodge 1966
Ramalingam 1976
Huang 1979a
Lee et al. 1987a
Jupp 1996
Huang 2004
Darsie & Ward 2005
Rattanarithikul et al. 2010
Becker et al. 2010
Berti et al. 2015
Harrison et al. 2016
WRBU – Aedes – Neotropical Region – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Australasian Region - Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Australasian Region - Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Indomalayan Region - Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Indomalayan Region - Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Oriental Region – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Oriental Region – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Eastern Palearctic Region – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Eastern Palearctic Region – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Western Palearctic Region – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Western Palearctic Region – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Afrotropical Region – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Afrotropical Region – Larva
Exemplar DNA sequences
Ae. aegypti COI: AY645248–71, JQ926676–704, KT339679–83, KT766391–97, MG004689–714;
Ae. aegypti whole genome : GCF_002204515.2
BIONOMICS
Immatures
Aedes aegypti eggs are laid in natural or artificial containers where they can survive months before hatching. In rural environments, the species will oviposit in tree holes, and rotten tree stumps. Aedes aegypti oviposit only in freshwater and females can distinguish saline waters containing 5, 10, 17.5, and 35 salt parts per thousand from fresh water. It seems to be sensitive to competition with other container-developing species, including Ae. albopictus (Skuse).
Adults
Aedes aegypti is commonly found in urban and semi-urban environments in close association to man. Female Ae. aegypti are generally highly anthrophophilic even when other animals are available, however they are known to feed on other mammals and birds. Females will readily enter houses to feed. Adults mate near the blood meal host and tend not to fly further than necessary to find resources.
DISTRIBUTION NOTES
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bonaire, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands (Polynesia), Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Curacao, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern Territories, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India (includes Andaman Islands), Indonesia (includes Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra includes Ketulauan Riouw Archipelago, Sulawesi, Timor), Iran, Iraq, Israel (and Gaza Strip & West Bank), Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea, Republic of, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar (includes Glorioso & Juan De Nova Is), Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Micronesia (Caroline Island), Micronesia (Wake Island), Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, People's Republic of China (includes Hainan), Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Republic of South Africa, Reunion, Russia (Southern Districts), Rwanda, Saba, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Samoa (Ind. State of Samoa; American Samoa; Western Samoa), São Tomé & Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan & South Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tahiti, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States (continental, Hawaiʻi), Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis & Futuna, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
WRBU VECTOR HAZARD REPORTS
VHR: Chikungunya in the Americas and Caribbean
VHR: Notes on the Biology of Zika Virus Vectors
VHR: Pictorial Guide to Zika Virus Vectors CONUS
VHR: Zika Virus Vectors of Puerto Rico
VHR: Medically Important Mosquitoes of EUCOM
VHR: Mosquito Activity Forecast US-Mexico Border October 2019
VHR: Southern US and Northern Mexico
VHR: Mosquitoes of the Caribbean
View other WRBU Vector Hazard Reports
Available GIS Models:
Ae_aegypti_Samson_1 South & Central America
Monthly Average Habitat Suitability Kraemer et al 2016 Global
IMPORTANT REFERENCES (full citations below)
Linnaeus 1762: 470 (A; Culex)
Goeldi 1905 (*E; as synonym fasciata Fabricius, 1805)
Banks 1908 (M*, F*; as Stegomyia persistans)
Bancroft 1908: 20 (M, F; "Tiger Mosquito"; Stegomyia fasciata)
Howard et al. 1913 (1912) (E*; as synonym calopus Meigen, 1818)
Howard et al. 1917: 827 (M*, F, P*, L*, E*; as synonym calopus Meigen, 1818)
Dyar 1920i: 204 (taxonomy)
Macfie & Ingram 1922 (F*)
Barraud 1923g (L*; as Stegomyia argentea)
Gerry 1932 (F*)
Patton 1933: 182 (taxonomy)
Barraud 1934: 221 (M*, F, L*)
Edwards 1941: 128 (M*, F, P*; bionomics)
Bohart & Ingram 1946b: 6, 37, 66 (M*, F*, P*, L*; distribution, bionomics)
Ross 1947 (F*)
LaCasse & Yamaguti 1950 (F*)
Darsie 1951: 10 (P*)
Yamaguti & LaCasse 1951d: 247 (M*, F*, L*)
Hopkins 1952: 134 (L*; bionomics)
Knight & Hull 1952: 167 (M, F, L*)
Carpenter & LaCasse 1955: 261 (M*, F*, L*; keys)
Teesdale 1955: 711 (bionomics)
Horsfall 1955: 476 (review)
Iyengar & Menon 1955 (distribution)
Bohart 1957 (1956) 6 (distribution; Micronesia)
Craig 1956 (E*)
Mattingly 1957b: 392 (taxonomy, bionomics)
Hara 1957 (F*)
Craig & Horsfall 1958 (E*)
Christophers 1960: 1 (E*; bionomics, morphology)
Craig & Horsfall 1960 (E*)
Belkin 1962: 443 (distribution)
Belkin 1962: 8 (distribution)
Mattingly et al. 1962: 208 (taxonomy, neotype designation, type locality designation)
Clements 1963 (F*)
ICZN 1964 (validation of name)
Spielman 1964 (F*)
Mattingly 1965b (F*)
Ross & Horsfall 1965 (M*, F*, L*, E*; keys)
Dodge 1966: 348 (1st instar L*; key)
Mohrig 1967 (F*)
Hinton & Service 1969 (E*)
Pratt & Kidwell 1969 (E*)
Belkin et al. 1970: 184 (M*, F*, P*, L*)
Horsfall et al. 1970: 1710 (E*)
Rjazantzeva 1970 (F*)
Aslamkhan 1971b (distribution; Pakistan)
Basio 1971b: 27 (M*; bionomics)
Lambrecht & van Someren 1971: 483 (distribution)
Mattingly 1971a: Pl. 18 (P*);Pl. 30 (L head*); Pl. 31 (L head*, terminal segments*)
McClelland 2009 (taxonomy)
Laffoon & Knight 1971 (F*)
Matsuo et al. 1972: 360 (E*)
Harrison & Rattanarithikul 1973: 280 (L*, 1st & 3rd instars)
Hartberg & Craig 1973: 206 (genetic taxonomy)
Moriya et al. 1973 (E*)
Matsuo et al. 1974: 180 (E*)
Baisas 1974: 30 (M, F, P, L; taxonomy, bionomics, distribution; Philippines)
Tanaka et al. 1975c: 222 (bionomics, distribution)
Paterson et al. 1976: 252 (Africa; sensu lato)
Ramalingam 1976: 304 (taxonomy, bionomics, keys, distribution; Samoa & Tonga)
Brunhes 1977a (distribution; Comoros Islands)
Huang 1977c: 292 (distribution)
Rodhain et al. 1977 (distribution)
Rossignol & McIver 1977 (F*)
Taylor & Maffi 1978: 216 (distribution)
Harbach & Knight 1978 (E*)
Huang 1979a (M*, F*, P*, L*; keys, distribution)
Tanaka et al. 1979: 396 (M*, F*, L*)
White 1980: 140 (distribution)
Harbach & Knight 1980 (F*)
Hinton 1981 (E)
Ahmed 1987 (distribution; Bangladesh)
Lee et al. 1987a: 14 (F key, taxonomy, bionomics, distribution, review)
Linley 1989b (E*)
Jupp 1996 (M*, F*; key)
Clements 1999 (F*)
Darsie & Ward 2000 (distribution; United States)
Reinert 2000e: Fig. 34 (F*)
Jarial 2001 (E*)
Chadee 2003: 199 (distribution; Trinidad & Tobago)
Pena et al. 2003 (distribution; Dominican Republic)
Rossi & Martínez 2003: 471 (distribution; Uruguay)
Toto et al. 2003: 344 (distribution; Equatorial Guinea)
Trari et al. 2002: 331 (distribution; Morocco)
Carpintero & Leguizamón 2004: 501 (distribution; Argentina)
Huang 2004 (M*, F*; distribution, keys)
Darsie & Ward 2005 (F*, L*; keys, distribution)
Rattanarithikul et al. 2010 (F*, L*; keys, bionomics, distribution; Thailand)
Becker et al. 2010: 198 (M*, F*, L*; keys, taxonomy, distribution, bionomics)
Berti et al. 2015 (distribution; Venezuela)
Kraemer et al. 2015 (distribution)
Harrison et al. 2016 (F*, L*; keys, distribution)
Robert et al. 2019 (distribution, western Palearctic)
Lutz, et al. 2020 (bionomics)
Karisa, et al. 2021 (bionomics)
CURRENT SYNONYMS
syn. argenteus Poiret
1787: 245 (F; Culex). Type locality: Barbary [Barbary Coast?] (NE). References: Knab 1916a: 59 (taxonomy); Kirkpatrick 1925b: 87 (M*, F, P*, L*).
syn. fasciatus Fabricius
1805: 36 (A; Culex). Type locality: Americae Insulis [Antilles] (ZMC). References: Theobald 1901a: 289 (M*, F*; tax.); Barraud 1928c: 377 (comprehensive review); Martini 1930: 245 (M*, F*, P*, L*, E*; bionomics); Bonne-Wepster & Brug 1932: 47 (M*, F, L*; bionomics); Belkin 1968b: 5 (lectotype designation).
syn. calopus Meigen
1818: 3 (M, F; Culex). Type locality: Portugal (NE).
syn. mosquito Robineau-Desvoidy
1827: 407 (M; Culex). Type locality: Cuba (NE). References: Theobald 1901a: 295 (taxonomy).
syn. frater Robineau-Desvoidy
1827: 408 (M*; Culex). Type locality: West Indies [Antilles] (NE).
syn. taeniatus Wiedemann
1828: 10 (M, F; Culex). Type locality: Savannah [Georgia, United States] (NMW). References: Belkin 1968b: 7 (taxonomy).
syn. sugens Wiedemann
1828: 545 (F; Culex). Type locality: Nubia [North-east Africa] (SNG).
syn. kounoupi Brullé
1833: 289 (A; Culex). Type locality: Morea, Greece (NE).
syn. toxorhynchus Macquart
1838a: 39 (F; Culex). Type locality: Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Brazil (MNHP). References: Lane 1944: 183 (?= Toxorhynchites theobaldi); Belkin 1968b: 8 (change in synonymy); Belkin et al. 1971: 20 (type locality information).
syn. annulitarsis Macquart
1846a: 136 (F; Culex). Type locality: De l'ile de France [Mauritius] (NE). References: Mattingly & Bruce-Chwatt 1954: 191 (taxonomy, synonymy).
syn. viridifrons Walker
1848: 3 (F; Culex). Type locality: not stated: “Presented by Captain Lord Byron” (NHMUK).
syn. excitans Walker
1848: 4 (F; Culex). Type locality: Georgia [United States] (NHMUK).
ssp. formosus (Walker)
1848: 4 (F; Culex). Type locality: Sierra Leone (NHMUK). Distribution: Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda. References: Mattingly 1957b: 395 (to subspecies); Service 1976a (distribution; Gabon); Huang 2004 (F*; taxonomy, keys, distribution). Etymology: beautiful (L); [not named for island of Formosa]. Informal name: Beautiful Sierra Leonean Pointy Mosquito.
syn. inexorabilis Walker
1848: 4 (F; Culex). Type locality: West Africa (NHMUK).
syn. exagitans Walker
1856a: 430 (F; Culex). Type locality: Para, [Brazil] (NHMUK). References: Belkin et al. 1971: 20 (type information).
syn. insatiabilis Bigot
1859: 118 (M*, F*; Culex). Type locality: Madagascar (NE).
syn. bancrofti Skuse
1889: 1740 (M*; Culex).Type locality: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (MM).
syn. elegans Ficalbi
1890 (1889)b: 95 (M, F; Culex). Type locality: Italy (LU).
syn. rossii Giles
1899: 64 (M, F; Culex). Type locality: Calcutta, [West Bengal], India (LU).
syn. queenslandensis Theobald
1901a: 297 (F; Stegomyia fasciata var.). Type locality: Burpengary, Queensland, Australia (NHMUK). References: Lewis 1945: 9 (M, F); Mattingly 1953a: 46, 60 (taxonomy); van Someren et al. 1955: 473 (M, F); Mattingly & Knight 1956: 100, 119, 135 (taxonomy); Mattingly 1957b: 395 (to variety); Huang 1979a: 2, 41 (synonymy); Lee et al. 1987b: 14 (F key, taxonomy, bionomics, distribution, review; to synonymy with aegypti).
syn. luciensis Theobald
1901a: 297 (M, F; Stegomyia fasciata variety). Type locality: St Lucia [Lesser Antilles] (NHMUK). References: Barraud 1934: 222 (A); Belkin 1968b: 6 (lectotype designation).
syn. nigeria Theobald
1901a: 303 (F*; Stegomyia). Type locality: Bonny [Eastern Provinces, Nigeria] (NHMUK).
syn. lamberti Ventrillon
1904: 552 (M, F; Stegomyia). Type locality: Ankazobe, Diego-Suarez, Majunga, Madagascar (NHMUK). References: Rodhain & Boutonnier 1985: 275 (from synonymy with albopictus; syntypes PIP); Townsend 1990: 92 (syntypes; change type depository from LU to NHMUK); Ward 1992 (as synonym of aegypti).
syn. canariensis Pittaluga
1905: 432 (M*, F*; Stegomyia calopus variety). Type locality: Canary Islands (LU).
syn. persistans Banks
1906b: 996 (M, F; Stegomyia fasciata). Type locality: Manila, Negros Occidental & Iloilo, Philippines (NE).
syn. angustealatus Becker
1908: 79 (M; Culex). Type locality: Tenerife, Canary Islands (ZM).
syn. albopalposus Becker
1908: 80 (F; Culex). Type locality: Santa Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands (ZM).
syn. alboannulis Ludlow
1911b: 132 (F; Duttonia). Type locality: Mindanao, Philippines (USNM).
syn. pulcherrima Taylor
1919: 830 (M, Mimeteomyia). Type locality: Cairns, Queensland, Australia (US). References: Knight & Marks 1952: 517 (synonymy).
syn. atritarsis Edwards
1920a: 129 (M; Stegomyia fasciata var.). Type locality: Accra, Ghana (NHMUK). References: Edwards 1941: 132 (M, F).
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Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (Year). Aedes aegypti species page. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Website, http://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/aegypti, accessed on [date (e.g. 03 February 2020) when you last viewed the site].
