GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
Generic abbreviation: Ae.
Type species: Aedes cinereus Wiedemann
Etymology: distasteful, disagreeable, unpleasant, odious, troublesome (Gr)
The genus Aedes is the largest genus in the tribe Aedini, comprising a large complex assemblage of 932 species, mainly of which are formidable arbovirus vectors. Aedes mosquitoes are distributed in all regions of the World, except Antarctica. The genus includes invasive taxa—e.g., Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus), Ae. (Stg.) albopictus (Skuse), Ae. (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Theobald), Ae. (Hul.) koreicus (Edwards)—that have established populations far out with their native ranges since the 1950s as a result of increased global trade and the movement of people and goods and the inadvertent carriage of mosquitoes or their eggs, via land, air, and sea.
A series of morphological phylogenies and consequential taxonomic actions by Reinert, Harbach and Kitching since 2000 reduced the genus Aedes to only 12 species, resulting in widespread taxonomic instability and confusion. In 2015, Wilkerson et al. stabilized the systematics of Aedes, and the genus now comprises the original 12 genera, and 74 subgenera (see below).
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS (Click photos to view; mouse over and click large photo to zoom in.)
ADULT (illustrated): Thorax: Prespiracular setae absent; postspiracular setae nearly always present; mesopostnotal setae usually absent; base of hind coxa (C-III) usually below base of mesomeron. Wing: Remigial setae absent Abdomen: Apex usually (but not always) more or less pointed in females.
LARVA (not illustrated): Thorax: Seta 9–12-T sometimes moderately reduced, longest seta ≥0.5 x length of 9–12-M. Terminal segments: Single pair of seta 1-S, inserted near or beyond middle of siphon; pecten always present (sometimes reduced to one or two spines).
TAXONOMIC KEYS
Knight & Hull 1951b (Philippines)
Senevet & Andarelli 1954b (North Africa)
Muspratt 1956a (South Africa)
Sazanova 1958 (forest zone; former USSR)
Smith 1958 (New England, United States)
Mattingly 1958a (Indomalayan area)
Hedeen 1959 (France)
Mattingly 1959:1 (Indomalayan area)
Price 1960 (Minnesota, United States)
Mattingly 1961 (Indomalayan area)
Belkin 1962 (South Pacific)
DuBose & Curtin 1965 (Mediterranean area)
Myers 1967 (California & Nevada, United States)
Huang 1968b (Papuan Region)
Smith 1969a (New England, United States)
Berlin 1969a (subgenus Howardina)
Belkin et al. 1970 (Jamaica)
McIntosh 1971 (southern Africa)
Huang 1972c (Southeast Asia)
Ribeiro & da Cunha Ramos 1973 (Angola)
Darsie & Ward 1981 (North America)
Clark-Gil & Darsie 1983 (Guatemala)
Darsie 1985 (Argentina)
Rattanarithikul & Panthusiri 1994 (Thailand)
Huang 2001 (Afrotropical Region)
Darsie & Ward 2005 (North America)
Mohamed et al. 2017 (Sudan)
WRBU – Genera – Global – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Afrotropical – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Afrotropical – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Afrotropical – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Afrotropical – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Eastern Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Eastern Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Eastern Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Eastern Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Western Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Western Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Western Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Western Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Nearctic – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Nearctic – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Neotropical – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Neotropical – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Neotropical – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Neotropical – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Australasia – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Australasia – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Australasia – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Australasia – Larva
WRBU – Genera – IndoMalaya – Adult
WRBU – Genera – IndoMalaya – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – IndoMalaya – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – IndoMalaya – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Oriental – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Oriental – Larva
WRBU – Aedes – Oriental – Adult
WRBU – Aedes – Oriental – Larva
Exemplar DNA sequences
Ae. (Stg.) aegypti whole genome: GCF_002204515
Ae. (Stg.) albopictus whole genome: GCF_001876365
BIONOMICS
Immatures
The larval habitats of Aedes mosquitoes are hugely diverse. Aedes (Pat.) dobodurus King & Hoogstraal, breeds exclusively in small amounts of rainwater collected in cup fungi in Papua New Guinea. Many temperate Aedes are floodwater mosquitoes, laying eggs in grassy sites prone to flooding. Egg hatching is stimulated by the water inundation from snowmelt, resulting in intense early season populations. Tropical forest species including Aedes (Stegomyia) species that typically occupy small plant cavities have rapidly domesticated to artificial containers in urban/semi-urban environments, where they act as vectors of zoonotic spill-over diseases.
Adults
Aedes females are typically active during the day feeding a wide variety of mammalian, bird, amphibian and reptilian hosts, and often taking blood from more than one individual per egg cycle. In Aedes, infection with arboviruses appears to alter some aspects of mosquito behavior that facilitate transmission—when infected with dengue virus, Aedes aegypti probes more often and takes longer to feed; when infected with Sindbis virus, it becomes less susceptible to chemical repellents. Several arboviruses are transmitted transovarially by Aedes mosquitoes. Balloon captures at heights up to 240m above the Sahara Desert showed the active long-distance migration of gravid Aedes females, potentially transporting already infected eggs to new zones.
*Associated pathogens: This list reports bacteria, viruses, and parasites recovered from, or experimentally passed through this species, and does not imply field vector status.
IMPORTANT REFERENCES (full citations below)
Meigen 1818: 13 (as genus)
Dyar 1920n: 103-106
Bauer 1928 (yellow fever vectors, not aegypti)
Barraud 1934 (south Asia)
Knight & Hull 1951b (keys; Philippines)
Lane 1953 (Neotropical Region)
Senevet & Andarelli 1954b (L*; key, North Africa)
Muspratt 1956a (M*, F*, L*); keys, bionomics, distribution, subgenus Stegomyia; South Africa)
Sazanova 1958 (F; key, forest zone; former USSR)
Smith 1958 (F; key, New England, United States)
Mattingly 1958a (keys, subgenus Paraedes, Rhinoskusea, Cancraedes, Indomalayan area)
Hedeen 1959 (L; key, France)
Mattingly 1959:1 (keys, subgenus Skusea, Diceromyia, Geoskusea, Christophersiomyia, Indomalayan area)
Price 1960 (key 1st stage larvae, Minnesota, United States)
Mattingly 1961 (keys, subgenus Mucidus, Ochlerotatus, Neomelaniconion, Indomalayan area)
Belkin 1962 (M*, F*, P*, L*; keys, taxonomy, classification; South Pacific)
Dobrotworsky 1965 (taxonomy, bionomics, distribution; Australia)
DuBose & Curtin 1965 (keys; Mediterranean area)
Forattini 1965 (Neotropical Region)
Cova-García et al. 1966 (Venezuela)
Myers 1967 (key to eggs; California & Nevada, United States)
Huang 1968b (key to subgenus Papuan Region)
Belkin 1968a (New Zealand)
Smith 1969a (L; key, New England, United States)
Smith 1969b (2nd & 3rd instar larval recognition)
Berlin 1969a (M*, F*, L*, P*; keys, bion. revision, subgenus Howardina)
Rjazantzeva 1970 (F gen.*)
Belkin et al. 1970 (M*, F*, P*, L*; keys, Jamaica)
Reinert 1970a (subgenus Diceromyia)
Schick 1970a,b (former Ae. terrens group; Neotropical Region)
Tyson 1970b (subgenus Mucidus)
Lunt & Nielsen 1971a (F thoracic setae)
Lunt & Nielsen 1971b (F thoracic setae)
McIntosh 1971 (M, F; keys, subgenus Neomelaniconion; southern Africa)
Reinert 1972c (subgenus Ayurakitia)
Huang 1972c (M*, F*, P*, L*; keys, revision, Ae. scutellaris group; Southeast Asia)
Zavortink 1972 (various subgenus formerly in Ae. (Finlaya) New World)
Moriya, Yabe & Harada 1973 (E*; SEM, morphology)
Ribeiro & da Cunha Ramos 1973 (F, L; keys, bionomics, taxonomy, distribution; Angola)
Reinert 1973b (subgenus Aedimorphus)
Reinert 1973e (subgenus Bothaella)
Gutsevich 1974 (F; Palearctic)
Reinert 1974a (Verrallina as subgenus)
Gutsevich et al. 1974 (former USSR)
Gutsevich 1975 (F; head morphology)
Hartberg 1975 (phylogeny)
McIntosh 1975 (subgenus Aedimorphus; southern Africa)
Reinert 1976c (subgenus Indusius & Edwardsaedes)
Reinert 1976d (subgenus Rhinoskusea)
Arnell 1976 (subgenus Ochlerotatus, Ae. scapularis group; New World)
Wolff & Nielsen 1977 (chaetotaxy, snowpool Aedes; United States)
Huang 1977a (subgenus Stegomyia; Oriental Region)
Abercrombie 1977 (subgenus Christophersiomyia)
Huang 1979a (subgenus Stegomyia; Oriental Region)
Tanaka et al. 1979 (Japan)
Wood et al. 1979 (Canada)
Reinert 1981 (subgenus Paraedes)
Darsie & Ward 1981 (F, L; keys; North America)
Lee et al. 1982 (Australasian Region)
Lu & Li 1982a (People's Republic of China)
Clark-Gil & Darsie 1983 (keys; Guatemala)
Reinert 1984 (subgenus Verrallina; Sri Lanka)
Lee et al. 1984 (Australasian Region)
Reinert 1985 (subgenus Scutomyia)
Darsie 1985 (F, L; keys; Argentina)
Reinert 1987 (subgenus Albuginosus)
Lee et al. 1987 (Australasian Region)
Reinert 1990 (subgenus Kenknightia)
Darsie & Pradhan 1990 (Nepal)
Huang 1990 (subgenus Stegomyia, Ae. africanus group; Afrotropical Region)
Reinert 1993 (subgenus Molpemyia)
Rattanarithikul & Panthusiri 1994 (keys, medically important species; Thailand)
Jupp 1996 (keys, taxonomy; southern Africa)
Reinert 1999 (subgenus Zavortinkius)
Reinert 2000a (F genitalia; Aedini)
Reinert 2000e (F genitalia*)
Reinert 2000g (subgenus Fredwardsius)
Reinert 2000i (subgenus Ayurakitia to genus)
Reinert 2000 (F genitalia*)
Reinert 2002e (F genitalia*)
Huang 2001 (key to subgenus of Aedes; Afrotropical Region)
Tanaka 2003a (P*; Japan)
Reinert et al. 2004 (phylogeny, classification)
Huang 2004 (subgenus Stegomyia; Afrotropical Region)
Darsie & Ward 2005 (F, L; keys, North America)
Rattanarithikul & Harrison et al. 2005 (F, L; taxonomic keys, bionomics; Thailand)
Reinert et al. 2006 (phylogeny, classification)
Reinert et al. 2008 (phylogeny, classification)
Reinert et al. 2009 (phylogeny, classification)
Huang et al. 2010 (subgenus Levua, phylogeny)
Huang et al. 2012 (subgenus Levua, taxonomy, morphology)
Wilkerson et al. 2015 (phylogeny, classification)
Huang & Rueda 2015 (subgenus Pseudalbuginosus, taxonomy, morphology)
Mohamed et al. 2017 (F, L; keys, bionomics, Sudan)
Brunhes et al. 2017 (subgenus Paulianius [as genus], taxonomy, bionomics, keys)
Soghigian et al. 2017 (phylogeny)
Somboon, Namgay & Harbach, 2021 (subgenus Reinertia)
VALID SUBGENERA
Abraedes Zavortink [Abr.]
Acartomyia Theobald [Acy.]
Aedes Meigen [Aed.]
Aedimorphus Theobald [Adm.]
Alanstonea Mattingly [Ala.]
Albuginosus Reinert [Alb.]
Ayurakitia Thurman [Ayu.]
Aztecaedes Zavortink [Azt.]
Belkinius Reinert [Blk.]
Bifidistylus Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Bif.]
Borichinda Harbach & Rattanarithikul [Bor.]
Bothaella Reinert [Bot.]
Bruceharrisonius Reinert [Brh.]
Cancraedes Edwards [Can.]
Catageiomyia Theobald [Cat.]
Catatassomyia Dyar & Shannon [Cts.]
Christophersiomyia Barraud [Chs.]
Collessius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Col.]
Cornetius Huang [Cor.]
Dahliana Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Dah.]
Danielsia Theobald [Dan.]
Dendroskusea Edwards [Dsk.]
Diceromyia Theobald [Dic.]
Dobrotworskyius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Dob.]
Downsiomyia Vargas [Dow.]
Edwardsaedes Belkin [Edw.]
Elpeytonius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Elp.]
Finlaya Theobald [Fin.]
Fredwardsius Reinert [Fre.]
Georgecraigius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Grg.]
Geoskusea Edwards [Geo.]
Gilesius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Gil.]
Gymnometopa Coquillett [Gym.]
Halaedes Belkin [Hal.]
Himalaius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Him.]
Hopkinsius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Hop.]
Howardina Theobald [How.]
Huaedes Huang [Hua.]
Hulecoeteomyia Theobald [Hul.]
Indusius Edwards [Ind.]
Isoaedes Reinert [Isa.]
Jarnellius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Jar.]
Jihlienius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Jih.]
Kenknightia Reinert [Ken.]
Kompia Aitken [Kom.]
Leptosomatomyia Theobald [Lep.]
Levua Stone & Bohart [Lev.]
Lewnielsenius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Lew.]
Lorrainea Belkin [Lor.]
Luius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Lui.]
Macleaya Theobald [Mac.]
Molpemyia Theobald [Mol.]
Mucidus Theobald [Muc.]
Neomelaniconion Newstead [Neo.]
Nyctomyia Harbach & Linton [Nyc.]
Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga [Och.]
Paraedes Edwards [Par.]
Patmarksia Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Pat.]
Petermattinglyius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Pet.]
Phagomyia Theobald [Phg.]
Polyleptiomyia Theobald [Pmt.]
Protomacleaya Theobald [Pro.] (in prep)
Pseudarmigeres Stone & Knight [Psa.]
Pseudoskusea Theobald [Psk.]
Rampamyia Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Ram.]
Reinertia Somboon, Namgay & Harbach [Rei.]
Rhinoskusea Edwards [Rhi.]
Rusticoidus Shevchenko & Prudkina [Rus.]
Sallumia Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Sal.]
Scutomyia Theobald [Sct.]
Skusea Theobald [Sku.]
Stegomyia Theobald [Stg.]
Tanakaius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Tan.]
Tewarius Reinert [Tew.]
Vansomerenis Reinert, Harbach & Kitching [Van.]
Zavortinkius Reinert [Zav.]
CURRENT GENERIC SYNONYMS
None
CITED REFERENCES
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Arnell, J. H. (1976). Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXXII. A revision of the scapularis group of Aedes (Ochlerotatus). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 13(3).
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Clark-Gil, S., & Darsie, Jnr., R.F. (1983). The mosquitoes of Guatemala: their identification, distribution and bionomics, with keys to adult females and larvae, in English and Spanish. Mosquito Systematics, 15(3), 151–284.
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Darsie, R.F., Jr. (1985). Mosquitoes of Argentina. Part I. Keys for identification of adult females and fourth stage larvae in English and Spanish (Diptera, Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 17(3), 153–253.
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Darsie, R.F., Jr., & Ward, R.A. (1981). Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Mosquito Systematics Supplement, Supplement 1, 1–313.
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Dobrotworsky, N.V. (1965). The mosquitoes of Victoria (Diptera, Culicidae). London and New York.
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Gutsevich, A.V. (1974). On the identification of mosquito females (Culicidae) by microscopic preparations of the head. IV. Key to species of the genus Aedes. Parazitologiya (St. Petersburg), 8(4), 329–335.
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Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (Year). Aedes genus page. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Website, http://wrbu.si.edu//vectorspecies/genera/aedes, accessed on [date (e.g. 03 February 2020) when you last viewed the site].
