GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
Generic abbreviation: Cx.
Type species: Culex pipiens Linneaus (Latreille 1810: 442)
Etymology: gnat, midge (L)
The genus Culex has 768 species, subdivided into 26 formally recognized subgenera including: Acalleomyia (1 species, Indo-Malaya), Acallyntrum (8 species, Australasia), Aedinus (4 species, Neotropics), Afroculex (1 species, South Africa), Allimanta (1 species, Argentina), Anoedioporpa (12 species, Neotropics), Barraudius (4 species, Palaearctic & Afrotropics), Belkinomyia (1 species, Colombia), Carrollia (18 species, Neotropics), Culex (198 species, global), Culiciomyia (55 species, Afrotropics, Orient & Australasia), Eumelanomyia (77 species, Afrotropics, Orient & Australasia), Kitzmilleria (1 species, Africa), Lasiosiphon (1 species, Africa, Southwest Asia), Lophoceraomyia (126 species, Orient & Australasia), Maillotia (9 species, Africa, Southwest Asia), Melanoconion (160 species, Nearctic, Neotropics), Micraedes (8 species, Caribbean), Microculex (33 species, Neotropics), Neoculex (26 species, Nearctic and Old World), Nicaromyia (1 species, Cuba), Oculeomyia (19 species, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Orient, Australasia), Phenacomyia (3 species, Neotropics), Phytotelmatomyia (4 species, Neotropics), Sirivanakarnius (1 species, Bonin Islands), Tinolestes (3 species, New World) and 7 species remain unplaced. Many Culex species are of biomedical importance.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS (Click photos to view; mouse over and click large photo to zoom in.)
ADULT (illustrated): Thorax: Prespiracular and postspiracular setae absent. Wings: Alula with narrow fringe of scales. Legs: Well-developed pulvillus present.
LARVA (not illustrated): Head: Seta 2-C usually absent; seta 3-C located dorsally. Abdomen: Seta 12-I always present. Terminal segments: Pecten present on siphon, seta 1-S with three or more pairs of prominent setae; saddle usually complete, sometimes incomplete and greatly reduced, but never divided into dorsal and ventral sclerites; ventral brush (seta 4-X) with at least three pairs of setae.
TAXONOMIC KEYS
Barraud 1934 (south Asia, British India)
Clark-Gil & Darsie 1983 (Guatemala)
Darsie & Pradhan 1991 (Nepal)
Darsie & Ward 1981 (North America)
Darsie & Ward 2005 (North America)
Darsie 1985 (Argentina)
Dubose & Curtin 1965 (Mediterranean)
Edwards 1941 (Afrotropics)
Hopkins 1952 (Afrotropics)
Lane 1953 (revision; Neotropics)
Rattanarithikul & Harrison et al. 2005 (Thailand)
Rattanarithikul & Panthusiri 1994 (Thailand)
Senevet & Andarelli 1954a: 36 (North Africa)
Senevet 1947b: 212 (North Africa)
Sicart 1954: 27 (Tunisia)
Wood et al. 1979 (Canada)
WRBU – Genera – Global – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Afrotropical – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Afrotropical – Larva
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Afrotropical – Adult
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Afrotropical – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – East Africa – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – West Africa – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Afrotropical – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Australasian – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Australasian – Larva
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Australasia – Adult
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Australasia – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – Australasia – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – Australasia – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – Australasia – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – Australasia – Larva
WRBU – Genera – IndoMalayan – Adult
WRBU – Genera – IndoMalayan – Larva
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – IndoMalayan – Adult
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – IndoMalayan – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – IndoMalayan – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – IndoMalayan – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – IndoMalayan – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – IndoMalayan – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Oriental – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Oriental – Larva
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Oriental – Adult
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Oriental – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – Oriental – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – Oriental – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – Oriental – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – Oriental – Larva
WRBU – Culex Subgenera & Culex (Cux.) species – Southwest Asia – Adult
WRBU – Culex Subgenera & Culex (Cux.) species – Southwest Asia – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Eastern Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Eastern Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Eastern Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Eastern Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – Eastern Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Subgenera – Eastern Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – Eastern Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Ocu.) – Subgenera – Eastern Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Western Palearctic – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Western Palearctic – Larva
WRBU – Culex – Nearctic – Adult
WRBU – Culex – Nearctic – Larva
WRBU – Genera – Neotropical – Adult
WRBU – Genera – Neotropical – Larva
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Neotropical – Adult
WRBU – Culex – Subgenera – Neotropical – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Neotropical – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Cux.) – Neotropical – Larva
WRBU – Culex (Mel.) – Neotropical – Adult
WRBU – Culex (Mel.) – Neotropical – Larva
Exemplar DNA sequences
Cx. (Barraudius) modestus COI: KJ012102
Cx. (Culex) laticinctus COI: KJ012096–101
Cx. (Cux.) mimeticus COI: KJ012096–101
Cx. (Cux.) pipiens COI: KJ012110–148
Culex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus COI: KJ012162–173; whole genome GCF_000209185
Cx. (Cux.) theileri COI: KJ012174–234)
Cx. (Cux.) torrentium COI: KJ012235–242
Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus COI: KJ012243–250
Cx. (Maillotia) hortensis COI: KJ012068–080
BIONOMICS
Immatures
Typically, immature Culex typically occupy fresh, brackish, clean or heavily polluted groundwater habitats, where eggs are laid in rafts. Some—e.g., Cx. pipiens molestus—utilize underground water sources while others occupy natural containers, including phylotelmata (e.g., tree holes, leaf axils, flower bracts, bamboo, pitcher plants, fruit husks, and fallen spathes or leaves), and rock holes. Immature Belkinomyia, Nicaromyia and Tinolestes species rear in crabholes. Australasian Cx. (Ocu.) starckeae immatures are found in fast-flowing streams where they anchor onto algal mats using their modified siphonal setae. Some Microculex lay gel-covered individual eggs in small plant container habitats that are likely to dry out. In colony settings, Cx. pipiens can be cannibalistic when food resources are low.
Adults
Bionomic traits of Culex are extremely diverse. Adults typically feed on a wide variety of birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals including man. They usually comprise the largest density of mosquitoes collected in light traps.
*Associated pathogens: This list reports bacteria, viruses, and parasites recovered from, or experimentally passed through this species, and does not imply field vector status.
IMPORTANT REFERENCES (full citations below)
Linnaeus 1758: 602 (as genus)
Coquillett 1906b (taxonomy)
Edwards 1911b (Culex, taxonomy, Africa)
Barraud 1934 (M*, F*, L*; keys, tax.; south Asia (British India)
Edwards 1941 (M*, F*, P*; keys; Afrotropics)
Michener 1944: 263 (cibarial armature)
Senevet 1947b: 212 (L key; North Africa)
Hopkins 1952 (L*; key; Afrotropics)
Lane 1953 (revision; Neotropics)
Sicart 1954: 27 (P key; Tunisia)
Senevet & Andarelli 1954a: 36 (key; North Africa)
Mattingly & Knight 1956 (taxonomy; Arabia)
Belkin 1962 (South Pacific)
Dubose & Curtin 1965 (F, L; keys; Mediterranean)
Forattini 1965 (Neotropics)
Cova-García et al. 1966 (Venezuela)
Delfinado 1966a (Philippines)
Bram 1967b (Thailand)
Bram 1967a (taxonomy, subgenus Culex; New World)
Belkin 1968a (revision; New Zealand)
Sirivanakarn 1968 (subgenus Lophoceraomyia)
Belkin et al. 1970 (Jamaica)
Berlin 1969a (revision; subgenus Howardina)
Berlin 1969c (revision; subgenus Micraedes)
Sirivanakarn 1971b (revision, subgenus Neoculex; SE Asia)
Sirivanakarn 1972 (revision, subgenus Eumelanomyia; SE Asia)
Adames & Galindo 1973 (taxonomy, subgenus Belkinomyia)
Valencia 1973 (revision, subgenus Carrollia)
Gutsevich et al. 1974 (revision; former USSR)
Sirivanakarn 1976 (revision, subgenus Culex; Oriental Region)
Sirivanakarn 1977a (revision, various subgenera; Oriental Region)
Tanaka et al. 1979 (revision; Japan, Korea)
Wood et al. 1979 (taxonomic keys; Canada)
Berlin & Belkin 1980 (revision, subg. Aedinus, Tinolestes, Anoedioporpa; Neotropics)
Ribeiro & da Cunha Ramos 1980 (taxonomy; Angola)
Darsie & Ward 1981 (F, L; keys; North America)
Lu & Li 1982a (taxonomy; People’s Republic of China)
Clark-Gil & Darsie 1983 (F, L; keys; Guatemala)
Sirivanakarn 1983 (revision; subgenus Melanoconion)
Darsie 1985 (F, L; keys, Argentina)
Lu & Su 1987 (tax.; People’s Republic of China)
Lee et al. 1989a (F; review; Australasia)
Lee et al. 1989b (F; review; Australasia)
Harbach 1988 (revision; subgenus Culex; SW Asia & Egypt)
Harbach & Peyton 1992b (taxonomy, subgenus Phenacomyia)
Pecor et al. 1992 (tax. catalog; subgenus Melanoconion)
Rattanarithikul & Panthusiri 1994 (keys, medically important species; Thailand)
Reuben et al. 1994 (keys, JE vectors; Southeast Asia)
Sallum & Forattini 1996 (revision, Spissipes Section, subgenus Melanoconion)
Miller et al. 1996 (molecular phylogeny)
Lu et al. 1997 (taxonomy, People’s Republic of China)
Navarro & Liria 2000 (L mouthparts; taxonomy, phylogeny)
González Broche & Rodríguez R. 2001 (subgenus Nicaromyia)
Tanaka 2004b (subgenus Oculeomyia, Sirivanakarnius)
Darsie & Ward 2005 (F, L; keys, distribution; North America)
Rattanarithikul & Harrison et al. 2005 (F, L; keys, distribution; Thailand)
Rattanarithikul & Harrison et al. 2005 (taxonomic background; Thailand)
St John 2007 (morphological phylogeny)
Rossi & Harbach 2008 (subg. Phytotelmatomyia)
Harbach 2011 (classification, taxonomy, subgenus Culex)
Vesgueiro et al. 2011 (molecular phylogeny)
Demari-Silva et al. 2011 (molecular phylogeny)
Harbach et al. 2012 (morphological phylogeny)
Laurito et al. 2013 (morphological phylogeny)
Harbach & Culverwell 2016 (phylogeny)
VALID SUBGENERA
Acalleomyia Leicester [Aca.]
Acallyntrum Stone & Penn [Acl.]
Aedinus Lutz [Ads.]
Afroculex Danilov [Afc.]
Allimanta Casal & Garcia [Alm.]
Anoedioporpa Dyar [And.]
Barraudius Edwards [Bar.]
Belkinomyia Adames & Galindo [Bel.]
Carrollia Lutz [Car.]
Culex Linnaeus [Cux.]
Culiciomyia Theobald [Cui.]
Eumelanomyia Theobald [Eum.]
Kitzmilleria Danilov [Kit.]
Lasiosiphon Kirkpatrick [Las.]
Lophoceraomyia Theobald [Lop.]
Maillotia Theobald [Mai.]
Melanoconion Theobald [Mel.]
Micraedes Coquillett [Mca.]
Microculex Theobald [Mcx.]
Neoculex Dyar [Ncx.]
Nicaromyia Broche & Rodríguez Rodríguez [Nic.]
Oculeomyia Theobald [Ocu.]
Phenacomyia Harbach & Peyton [Phc.]
Phytotelmatomyia Rossi & Harbach [Phy.]
Sirivanakarnius Tanaka [Sir.]
Tinolestes Coquillett [Tin.]
CURRENT GENERIC SYNONYMS
syn. Heteronycha Lynch Arribálzaga 1891a: 373 1891b: 155 (as genus). Type species: Heteronycha dolosa Lynch Arribálzaga.
syn. Lasioconops Theobald 1903c: viii (as genus). Type species: Lasioconops poicilipes Theobald. Edwards 1911b: 256 (synonymy).
syn. Heptaphlebomyia Lynch Arribálzaga 1903a: 336 (as genus). Type species: Heptaphlebomyia simplex Theobald. Edwards 1911b: 262 (synonymy of simplex with univittatus Theobald).
syn. Pseudoheptaphlebomyia Ventrillon 1905: 427 (as genus). Type species: Pseudoheptaphlebomyia madagascariensis Ventrillon. Edwards 1932a: 200 (synonymy).
syn. Trichopronomyia Theobald 1905f: 98 (as genus). Type species: Trichopronomyia annulata Theobald. Edwards 1932a: 200 (synonymy).
syn. Aporoculex Theobald 1907: 316. Type species: Aporoculex punctipes Theobald.
syn. Leucomyia Theobald 1907: 372 (as genus) (not Brauer & Bergenstam 1891). Type species: Culex gelidus Theobald. Edwards 1932a: 200 (synonymy).
syn. Theobaldiomyia Brunetti 1912: 462 (as genus). Type species: Culex gelidus Theobald. Theobald 1901c: 20 (fixed type of replacement name). Edwards 1932a: 200 (synonymy)
syn. Phalangomyia Dyar & Knab 1914: 58 (as genus). Type species: Phalangomyia debilis Dyar & Knab. Edwards 1932a: 200 (synonymy).
syn. Laiomyia Izquierdo 1916: 65 (as genus). Type species: Culex stigmatosoma Dyar. Edwards 1932a: 200 (synonymy).
syn. Cacoculex Dyar 1918b (as subgenus of genus Culex): 100. Type species: Culex habilitator Dyar & Knab. Edwards 1932a: 200 (synonymy).
syn. Transculicia Dyar 1918 (1917)e (as subgenus of genus Culex): 184. Type species: Culex eleuthera Dyar. Edwards 1932a: 205 (synonymy).
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Berlin, O.G.W., & Belkin, J.N. (1980). Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae). 36. Subgenera Aedinus, Tinolestes and Anoedioporpa of Culex. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 17(2), 1–104.
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Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (Year). Culex genus page. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Website, http://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/genera/culex, accessed on [date (e.g. 03 February 2020) when you last viewed the site].
