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Name-bearing Type

• Lynch Arribalzaga
• (Neveu-Lemaire 1902c:227) [pdf not available]
• Type Species: Uranotaenia pulcherrima

Classification

• Subfamily Culicinae, tribe Uranotaeniini. Uranotaenia is the only genus of tribe Uranotaeniini. It includes 265 species grouped into two subgenera, Pseudoficalbia with 143 species and Uranotaenia with 122 species.

Distribution

• Most species of Uranotaenia occur in the Afrotropical and Oriental Regions, but several occur in Australia, one in Europe and the Middle East, two extend from the Neotropical Region into the southern USA, and one occurs in the West Indies and from Mexico to Canada. No species are known from New Zealand, New Caledonia or small oceanic islands.
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Phylogeny

• The phylogenetic affinities of Uranotaenia are unresolved. The largely membranous proctiger of the male genitalia is found elsewhere only in Anophelinae, Aedeomyiini and some Aedini, and the greatly elongate ventral portion of the larval head capsule is found in Anophelinae, Toxorhynchitini and some predaceous larvae of other groups (Belkin, 1962). The larval labiohypopharynx bears a strong resemblance to that of anophelines and dixids (Harbach, 1978). The genus was recovered in a sister-group relationship with Aedeomyia in the implied weighting analysis of Harbach & Kitching (1998). Aedeomyia was placed basal to Uranotaenia when character weights were assigned using successive approximation character weighting. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus have not been investigated.

Characteristics

• Uranotaenia are small, delicate mosquitoes that are characterised by features of the wings. The microtrichia are extremely minute and not visible under ordinary magnification, cell R2 is always shorter than vein R2+3 and cell M2, and the anal vein is sharply curved distally and ends before the base of the mediocubital crossvein. Some species are adorned with silver scales with bluish reflections. Larvae are recognised by the following characters: seta 1-C arises from a distinct process on the anterior margin of the head, seta 14-C is always near the anterior margin at the base of the maxilla, the hypostomal suture is absent, abdominal segment VIII usually bears a sclerite (comb plate) with a single row of comb scales on its posterior margin, the siphon has a single pair of seta 1-S inserted well above the base and a pecten is present that consists of few to many spines. See Uranotaeniini.

Bionomics

• The immature stages of Uranotaenia utilise a range of habitats. The larvae of most species inhabit ground waters, including swamps, marshes, stream margins and temporary pools with vegetation, but many also utilise rock holes, crab holes, tree holes, bamboo, plant parts on the ground, leaf axils, flower bracts, pitcher plants and artificial containers. Females rarely feed on humans. The feeding preferences of most species are unknown, but available data indicate that amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals serve as hosts. Adults rest on moist, protected surfaces near the larval habitats and may be found in large numbers in suitable shelters. Many species are attracted to light and are occasionally found resting inside houses.

Medical

• A few species bite humans but none are involved in the transmission of pathogens.

Important References

Barraud, 1934 (southern Asia) Edwards, 1941 (adults, Afrotropical Region) Hopkins, 1952 (larvae, Afrotropical Region) Lane, 1953 (Neotropical Region) Galindo et al., 1954 (Panama) Belkin, 1962 (taxonomy, South Pacific) Delfinado, 1966 (Philippines) Belkin et al., 1970 (Jamaica)

Peyton, 1977 (subgenus Pseudoficalbia, Southeast Asia) Tanaka et al., 1979 (Japan) Clark-Gil & Darsie, 1983 (Guatemala) Darsie, 1985 (keys, Argentina) Lee et al., 1989c (Australasian Region) Darsie & Pradhan, 1990 (Nepal) Service, 1990 (Afrotropical Region) da Cunha Ramos, 1993 (Afrotropical Region)

Included Taxa

Subgenus PSEUDOFICALBIA Theobald, 1912 abdita Peyton, 1977 abstrusa Peyton, 1977 albimanus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 albinotata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 albipes Peyton, 1977 ambodimanga da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 andreae Doucet, 1962 anhydor Dyar, 1907 subspecies anhydor Dyar, 1907 subspecies syntheta Dyar & Shannon, 1924 annulata Theobald, 1901 antalahaensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 apicosquamata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 apicotaeniata Theobald, 1909 approximata Peyton, 1977 ascidiicola de Meijere, 1910 atra Theobald, 1905 bambusicola da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 belkini Grjebine, 1979 bicincta da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 bicolor Leicester, 1908 bifasciata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 bimaculata Leicester, 1908 bosseri Grjebine, 1979 boussesi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 breviseta da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 browni Mattingly, 1955 brumpti Doucet, 1951 brunhesi Grjebine, 1979 cachani (Doucet, 1950) capelai da Cunha Ramos, 1993 carcinicola da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 cavernicola Mattingly, 1954 colocasiae Edwards, 1928 combesi Doucet, 1950) comorensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 confusa Peyton, 1977 contrastata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 cornuta da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 damasei Grjebine, 1979 demeilloni Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970 devemyi Hamon, 1955 diagonalis Brug, 1934 dibrugarhensis Bhattacharyya, Prakash, Mohapatra & Mahanta, 2004 donai da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 douceti Grjebine, 1953 enigmatica Peyton, 1977 fulgens da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 fusca Theobald, 1907 garnhami van Someren, 1948 gigantea Brug, 1931 gouldi Peyton & Klein, 1970 grenieri Doucet, 1951 grjebinei da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 haddowi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 harrisoni Peyton, 1977 henrardi Edwards, 1935 henriquei da Cunha Ramos, 1993 hervyi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 hirsutifemora Peters, 1964 hongayi Galliard & Ngu, 1947 husaini Qutubuddin, 1947 jacksoni Edwards, 1935 jinhongensis Dong, Dong & Zhou, 2003 koli Peyton & Klein, 1970 kraussi Grjebine, 1953 laffosseae da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 lavieri Doucet, 1950 legoffi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 leiboensis Chu, 1981 longitubus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 lucyae van Someren, 1954 lui Lien, 1968 lunda da Cunha Ramos, 1993 luteola Edwards, 1934 lutescens Leicester, 1908 maculipleura Leicester, 1908 madagascarensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 manakaraensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 mashonaensis Theobald, 1901 mattinglyi Qutubuddin, 1951 maxima Leicester, 1908 mengi Chen, Wang & Zhao, 1989 micromelas Edwards, 1934 modesta Leicester, 1908 montana Ingram & de Meillon, 1927

moufiedi Peyton, 1977 moultoni Edwards, 1914 musarum Edwards, 1936 nepenthes (Theobald, 1912) nigricephala da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 nigripes (Theobald, 1905) nigripleura da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 nigromaculata Edwards, 1941 nivipleura Leicester, 1908 nivipous Theobald, 1912 nocticola Peyton, 1977 novobscura Barraud, 1934 subspecies novobscura Barraud, 1934 subspecies ryukyuana Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979 obscura Edwards, 1915 ohamai Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1975 ornata Theobald, 1909 ototomo da Cunha Ramos, 1993 painei Edwards, 1935 pallidipleura da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 pandani (Theobald, 1912) patriciae Peyton, 1977 pauliani Doucet, 1949 pilosa da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 principensis da Cunha Ramos, 1993 propinqua Peyton, 1977 pseudoalbimanus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 pseudohenrardi Peters, 1955 pseudomaculipleura Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970 pseudoshillitonis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 pylei Baisas, 1946 quadrimaculata Edwards, 1929 quasimodesta Peyton, 1977 qui Dong, Dong & Zhou, 2003 quinquemaculata Bonne-Wepster, 1934 ramosa da Cunha Ramos, 1993 ravenalicola da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 recondita Edwards, 1922 reinerti Peyton, 1977 rickenbachi da Cunha Ramos, 1993 rossi Delfinado, 1966 scutostriata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 shillitonis Edwards, 1932 signata da Cunha Ramos, 1993 smudges Dong, Zhou & Gong, 2004 spiculosa Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970 spinitubus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 spinosa da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 spiraculata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 srilankensis Peyton, 1974 stricklandi Barraud, 1926 sumethi Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970 tanzaniae da Cunha Ramos, 1993 tricolor da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 tridentata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 tsaratananae Doucet, 1950 ugandae da Cunha Ramos, 1993 unguiculata Edwards, 1913 subspecies pefflyi Stone, 1961 subspecies unguiculata Edwards, 1913 xanthomelaena Edwards, 1925 yaeyamana Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1975 yovani van Someren, 1951   Subgenus URANOTAENIA Lynch Arribálzaga aequatorianna Levi-Castillo, 1953 alba Theobald, 1901 albescens Taylor, 1914 alboabdominalis Theobald, 1910 alboannulata (Theobald, 1905) albocephala da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 albosternopleura Peters, 1963 amiensis Peters, 1963 andavakae Doucet, 1950 angolensis da Cunha Ramos, 1985 annandalei Barraud, 1926 anopheloides Brunhes & Razafindrasolo, 1975 antennalis Taylor, 1919 apicalis Theobald, 1903 argentipleura da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 arguellesi Baisas, 1935 argyrotarsis Leicester, 1908 balfouri Theobald, 1904 barnesi Belkin, 1953 benoiti Wolfs, 1964 bertii Cova García & Rausseo, 1964 bidentata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 bilineata Theobald, 1909 bimaculiala Leicester, 1908 bricenoi Cova García, Pulido, Escalante de Ugueto, Amarista & Mora, 1987 briseis Dyar, 1925 caeruleocephala Theobald, 1901 caliginosa Philip, 1931 calosomata Dyar & Knab, 1907 campestris Leicester, 1908

chorleyi Edwards, 1936 christophersi Barraud, 1926 civinskii Belkin, 1953 clara Dyar & Shannon, 1925 coatzacoalcos Dyar & Knab, 1906 connali Edwards, 1912 cooki Root, 1937 davisi Lane, 1943 diraphati Peyton & Klein, 1970 ditaenionota Prado, 1931 dumonti Doucet, 1949 edwardsi Barraud, 1926 falcipes Banks, 1906 fimbriata King & Hoogstraal, 1947 fraseri Edwards, 1912 gabaldoni Cova García, Pulido F., Escalante de Ugueto & Mora R., 1987 geniculata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 geometrica Theobald, 1901 gerdae Slooff, 1963 grassei da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 hamoni Grjebine, 1953 hebes Barraud, 1931 hebrardi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 heiseri Baisas, 1935 hopkinsi Edwards, 1932 hystera Dyar & Knab, 1913 incognita Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954 iriartei Cova García, Pulido F., Escalante de Ugueto & Mora R., 1987 joucouri da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 lanei Martinez & Prosen, 1953 lateralis Ludlow, 1905 lebiedi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 leucoptera (Theobald, 1907) longirostris Leicester, 1908 lowii Theobald, 1901 ludlowae Dyar & Shannon, 1925 macfarlanei Edwards, 1914 machadoi da Cunha Ramos, 1986 madagascarica da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 mathesoni Lane, 1943 mayeri Edwards, 1912 mayottensis Brunhes, 1977 mendiolai Baisas, 1935 metatarsata Edwards, 1914 micans Leicester, 1908 moramangae da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 moresbyensis Peters, 1963 nataliae Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 neireti Edwards, 1920 neotibialis King & Hoogstraal, 1947 nivea Leicester, 1908 nivipes (Theobald, 1905) novaguinensis Peters, 1963 orientalis Barraud, 1926 orthodoxa Dyar, 1921 oteizai Perez Vigueras, 1956 pallidocephala Theobald, 1908 pallidoventer Theobald, 1903 palmeirimi de Meillon & Rebelo, 1941 subspecies dundo da Cunha Ramos, 1993 subspecies palmeirimi de Meillon & Rebelo, 1941 paludosa Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954 paralateralis Peters, 1964 paranovaguinensis Peters, 1963 philonuxia Philip, 1931 pifanoi Cova Garcia, Pulido F. & Escalante de Ugueto, 1981 prajimi Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970 pulcherrima Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 pygmaea Theobald, 1901 rachoui Xavier, da Silva Mattos & da Silva, 1970 rampae Peyton & Klein, 1970 reyi Baisas, 1935 riverai Duret, 1970 roberti da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004 rutherfordi Edwards, 1922 sapphirina (Osten Sacken, 1868) setosa King & Hoogstraal, 1947 sexaueri Belkin, 1953 socialis Theobald, 1901 solomonis Belkin, 1953 sombooni Peyton & Klein, 1970 spinophallus Dong, Zhou & Gong, 2004 subnormalis Martini, 1920 subtibioclada King & Hoogstraal, 1947 telmatophila Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954 testacea Theobald, 1905 tibialis Taylor, 1919 tibioclada King & Hoogstraal, 1947 trapidoi Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954 trilineata Leicester, 1908 typhlosomata Dyar & Knab, 1907 unimaculiala Leicester, 1908 wysockii Belkin, 1953 yunnanensis Dong, Dong & Wu, 2004

The materials presented in the Classification, Distribution, Phylogeny, Characteristics, Medical, and Important References sections, and links to subgenera, are reproduced with permission of Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory, moderated by Ralph Harbach on behalf of the contributors who retain copyright. For additional information on reuse parameters, please contact Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory. Images and maps, unless otherwise attributed, and links to the literature are provided by the WRBU.